A "follow-up-note" on the Historical Study - on the years of conquests of countries, listed in the Rajaraja Chola's Meikeerththi
In my efforts to arrive at an almost accurate- "years of conquests" of countries by RajarajaChola - 1(A.D.985-1014), I have first made a Schedule of Inscriptions of Rajaraja - sequenced by their respective years, for our study. Also I have provided a Summary on the
deductions made fromthe contents of these Inscriptions. Rajaraja's expedition around Kalinga, and around Irattaipaadi are provided below with further explanation.
Inscriptions
27 of 1906 from Thirukkadaiyur SII - XXII - 27
Meikeerththi includes - Kollam, Kalingam - 16th year
AlsoThiruvaalankadu Copper Plates includes Vanga,
Magadha, Aratta, and Odda withKalingam
SII - 3 - Part 3&4 205
217 of 1894 from Thiruvaiyaaru, SII - V 516
Meikeerththi included - Irattaipaadi -22nd year
Also an Inscription includes - Konkana 5 of 1895
EC 111 Sr 140
Also Thiruvaalankadu Copper Plates includes Sourashtra
with Irattaipaadi SII - 3 - Part 3&4 - 205
Summary
In the early part of the following year in A.D.1000 (985 + [16-1] he sent an expedition and conquered the Kollam of Kerala. In the second part of this same year aseparate expedition was sent to Kalinga of Orissa, which too was captured. Itappears it was in this same expedition hecaptured Odda of Orissa and Magadha of Bihar, Vanga & Aratta of West Bengal, all regions being in the north of the earlier conquered region of Vengi Mandalam.
> > The "strength of evidences" on which I based my conclusions and stated > as "Rajaraja....who conquered 3/5 of India" is clearly given in this > "follow-up-note" Thread. It should be noted the Copper Plate Grants > under reference were engraved with the Grants ordered by Rajendra > Chola himself,
thats precisely the point. we have the conqueror himself authorising the history. do we have details of the conquered countries suffering the invasion. or atleast do we have an interruption in the ruling lineage of the countries.
the mahavamsa quotes the invasion of the cholas. so the argument is complete.
what may be helpful is for you to list the present states that were conquered by rrc and rjac. then we need to look into the same periods of history for kingdoms existed there and check for counter points. for example bengal. who was ruling bengal when rrc conquered. was there any distubance ?
i may be repeating but the kalvettu in kaccur temple near madras was the basis for this argument in the inner temple we have the kalvettu of rrc listing all the lands he conquered on the outer wall we have a kalvettu of "thirubuvana chakravarthi kopaala thevar" do we beleive both the kalvettus or is RRc given a easier understanding?
venketesh
> --------------------------------------------------------------- > > > --- In ponniyinselvan@yahoogroups.com, "virarajendra"
> > thats precisely the point. we have the conqueror himself authorising > the history. > do we have details of the conquered countries suffering the invasion. > or atleast do we have an interruption in the ruling lineage of the > countries. >
But just a little bit later the downfall of Srivijaya began.It was triggered by attackers of the idian Chola-Kingdom, which didn´t try to conquer Srivijaya, but to weaken it as an opponent in trading. >>>>>>>>> this book claims, sangramavijaythungavarman was led away into captivity during the chola raid of 1025!!!
Kedah is now known for remains of Indian architecture at the Bujang Valley. This was due to the invasion by the Chola kingdom from South India an invasion which ultimately led to the fall of Srivijaya. How did this happen?
In the 11th century, the south Indian Tamil kingdom of Chola launched an attack on Srivijaya, systematically plundering the Srivijayan ports along the Straits of Malacca, and even captured the Srivijayan king in Palembang. The reasons for this change in relations between Srivijaya and the Cholas are unknown, although it is theorised that plunder made up an essential part of the Chola political economy. While it seemed that the Cholas only intended to plunder Srivijaya, they left a lasting presence on Kataha, the remains of which are still visible at the Bujang Valley archaeological museum.
The successful sack and plunder of Srivijaya had left it in a severely weakened state that marked the beginning of the end of Srivijaya. Having lost its wealth and prestige from the Chola attack, the port cities of the region started to initiate direct trade with China, shrugging off the exclusive influence Srivijaya once held over them. Towards the end of Srivijaya`s influence, the power centre of Srivijaya began to oscillate between Palembang and neighbouring Jambi, further fragmenting the once-great empire. Other factors included Javanese invasion westwards toward Sumatra in 1275, invading the Malayu kingdoms. Later towards the end of the 13th century, the Thai polities from the north came down the peninsula and conquered the last of the Srivijayan vassals.
- > =========================> > DEAR DOCTOR, > > > British Royal Navy is the acknowledged one in the modern Era .. > > > IMAGINE THE CHOLAs' NAVAL SUPREMACY IN BATTLES 1000 YEARS BACK .. ! > > regards/ sps > Dear Sps,
Having gone into the questioning mode - i tried searching the chola military divisions ( had posted sometime back) - but never a mention of their navy / sea faring corps. The reason maybe those days there couldnt have been a sea / sea battle. meaning, two ships at war. basic need would be archers on ships with trained seamen to navigate. But for their campaigns in lanka and incl the raids on srivijaya - most possibly they would have depended on merchat ships for transport - and basically standing army to land and fight. So coming back to the question - did cholas have a standing navy??
The Sanskrit version YUKTHI KALPATHARU by BHOJAN was translated by Raha Kumud Mookerji and published as INDIAN SHIPPING in 1912 and in 1999 by MUNSHIRAM MANOHARLAL PUBLISHERS PVT.LTD. 8721 SANTA MONICA BLVD #19 LOS ANGLES A 90069-4507 USA. AND IN INDIA 4384/4A ANSARI ROAD, NEW DELHI, PIN 110002. - this book describes the ancient shipping of India.
2. The inscriptions in Thiruvaleeswaram tells about MOONDRU KAIMA SENAI which took part in all the victories of Rajendra Chola over Kalinga, Kanthalur Salai, Kadaram and Srilanka. 2 more important inscriptions are there about this Senai. The details of Chola Navy and Sailors MAY BE, MAY BE, available in these inscriptions. I am trying to get them and post soon.
- ---------------------------------------------------------------- > > Date: 9-2-2008 > > Dear Sivapathasekaran, > > In respect of British Navy of the modern era, and the Chola Navy of > the medieval period, a reference made by a North Indian Scholar on > same will be of more relevence here, and is reproduced below: > > ".....The North Indian Historian A.L.Basham speaks of the formidable > position of Cholas in the middle ages in his book titled "Wander that > was India" and states - "The Chola Empire was one of the mightiest > military powers to arise in South and South-East Asia in the medieval > period. The Imperial Cholas were the only seafareing power to dominate > the Indian Ocean, and the greater part of it's littoral before modern > times. The Imperial Cholas were the only rulers in South Asia before > the British who can be credited with having a navy in the modern sense > of the term....." (page 75) > > Virarajendra ===========================>